// Array of registered interrupt callbacks static void (*isr_table[MAX_IRQS])(void);
Windows, Linux, and macOS all have a variation of an IVT handler at their core to manage communication between the OS and your hardware.
int main(void) // Initialize the IVT ivt_t ivt; ivt.isr_addr[0] = (uint32_t)isr_example; // Register ISR for interrupt 0
When the IOMMU blocks an illegal memory request, it throws a hardware interrupt. The Windows Kernel intercepts this via nt!IvtHandleInterrupt . Because an illegal memory access attempt by a core driver compromises system integrity, Windows immediately halts operations and triggers a to protect your files from corruption. Common Causes of the IvtHandleInterrupt Crash
Modern systems use the IOMMU to map device-visible virtual addresses to physical addresses, providing security against malicious or buggy devices that might try to overwrite critical system memory.